System, method, and computer readable medium for universal software testing

ABSTRACT

An automated software testing and validation system allows testing of a software application under test (SAUT) regardless of the dynamic nature of the SAUT. An abstracted set of hierarchal or linear objects model certain regions of the SAUT. Automated test scripts utilize theses regions to intuitively navigate and identify potions of the SAUT to automate. The scripts can also access specific SAUT elements contain within each defined region. These elements can then be used to invoke actions or verify outputs there from. The system uses a set of rich identification rules embodied in the system which allow the user to configure the identification of any element within the abstracted region. The rules are customizable to allow the user to configure the desired level of loose coupling between the automated scripts and the target element to adapt the scripts to the nature of the SAUT.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/473,500, filed Aug. 29, 2014, titled “System, Method, and ComputerReadable Medium for Universal Software Testing”, which is a continuationof U.S. application Ser. No. 13/078,142, filed Apr. 1, 2011, titled“System, Method, and Computer Readable Medium for Universal SoftwareTesting”, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/598,519, Filed Nov. 13, 2006, titled “System, Method, and ComputerReadable Medium for Universal Software Testing,” which claims priorityto and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/852,314, filed Oct. 17, 2006, titled “Software System And Method ToAbstract Markup Applications For Expediting Test Script Authoring AndLoosely Coupling Scripts From The Application Under Test,” eachincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates in general to software testing, and in particularto abstracting markup applications in order to expedite and rendersoftware testing more flexible and efficient.

2. Description of the Related Art

Software has become an essential part of everyday life worldwide. Manybusinesses and individuals relay on software to support their dailyactivities. The quality and reliability of software has never been asimportant and critical as it is today. Software providers, whether theyprovide packaged software products or customized solutions sold tobusinesses, consider the quality of the software they sell a veryserious matter. Software defects can detrimentally impact customerloyalty and trust.

There are many categories of software applications developed today. Onetype of application is the markup base application. These applicationsare defined using markup languages such as, for example, HTML, XHTML,XML, or other similar markup languages. These applications areinterpreted using a host that provides the user with elements which theuser can use to interact with the application logic. A classic exampleof these types of applications is a web application. Web applicationsrun in a host like Microsoft's Internet Explorer™ or Mozilla's FireFox™and interpret an HTML document to present it to the user forinteraction.

Many software development companies test their software by compiling alist of test scripts (i.e., test scenarios or test cases) which are runagainst their software to ensure its quality and to validate its design.A test script must be created for each piece of software to be tested.Some companies hire employees or contractors to run the test manually,while others invest in automating the tests in order to avoid theadditional costs associated with the manual labor. There are manyadvantages to test automation, with a few worth noting such as: 1)automation cuts the costs associated with manual execution, 2)automation cuts down on the execution time, which allows for faster turnaround on results, and 3) automation allows for more accurate andconsistent results.

With regard to generating automated test scripts for such markupapplications, there are increasing challenges and pressures to enhancethe efficiency and quality associated with building the test scripts;especially with the increasingly rich content on the web and the widespread use of dynamic web content, such as ASP.NET or PHP. Some of thekey challenges are summarized in the following paragraphs.

First, the ease of building and crafting automated tests which performthe desired tasks is a challenge. Here, in order to execute actionsagainst the software or to verify its content. It would be verybeneficial if one could easily and consistently identify elements withinthe complex markup of the software application under test (i.e., SAUT).For example, some application's output changes dynamically betweenrequests and within the same session. Other applications generatedynamic content with variable element IDs which make it difficult toconsistently identify the elements. Moreover, such an environment makesit difficult to automate the test scripts against the applicationthroughout the development cycle.

Second, maintenance and updatability of automated test scripts is achallenge. Depending on how the automated tests are authored, changes tothe SAUT can break the functionality of the test scripts because theyaxe unable to adapt to the nature of the SAUT. This, in torn, addsadditional costs to repair and update the tests throughout the lifecycle of the application and throughout the different future versionreleases of the application.

There are currently several products on the market that attempt toaddress the above challenges of automated testing for SAUT, such as, forexample QuickTest™ and WinRunner™, which are marketed by MercuryInteraction®. Although these took have a record and replay functionalityto easily craft automated test scripts, they provide little support tohelp solve the need for flexible identification of elements and loosecoupling of test scripts within the SAUT. Thus, each falls short inaddressing the maintenance nightmare that comes with such testingsolutions. In fact, due to dynamic changes in the software which requirere-recording of the scripts from scratch, record and replay testing isone of the most expensive automated testing techniques.

Some other tools like TestComplete™ marketed commercially byAutomatedQA™, attempt to record at the elemental level. This, however,enhances the resilience of the tests, but falls short of addressingissues related to the dynamic nature of certain elements and elementsthat do not have consistent properties between users or requests. Forexample, most markup applications use two very popular methods toidentify elements (especially for non-uniform markups like HTML). Thefirst is an element ID or name which defines the element and is globallyunique within the SAUT. The second is an element tag name occurrence,which is the occurrence index of a specific tag in the order of theelements appearance within the SAUT.

Information regarding the tag's occurrence or element ID and name issupported by most tools used today. These tools help identity and locateapplication elements for the automated test scripts. Automated toolslike the prior an described above record this information and store itas part of the automated test script to be used later when the script isexecuted. Although this approach can help in many cases, because itsstatic, it still falls short when the order of elements or the tag'soccurrence is dynamic and changes based upon data entered by a user. Agood example of this is a table cell in an HTML table. Depending on whatdata is requested by the user, there might be one cell or multiple cellsin a table and, thus, hard coding any specific tag occurrence or elementID is not feasible. In addition to that, dynamic languages like ASP.NET,generate rich content where users in some cases have no control over theattributes of the elements being emitted. For example, ASP.NET has acalendar control which outputs a very complex set of markups that a usercannot control by annotating the elements with IDs or names.

To improve test automation, however, there is a need for adaptable anddependable tools that enable one to more efficiently automate thescenarios that one's software performs in order to generate theautomated test scripts. This need has been the key catalyst forinnovations the software development lifecycle and, more specifically,in how software is tested throughout the life cycle. In addition, thereis increasing pressure for companies to produce software faster and withlower development and maintenance costs.

Companies have started addressing some of these issues by usingabstracted layers that model their specific SAUT built on the top oftheir automation infrastructure. Automated test scripts go through theseabstracted layers to access elements within the application. In theevent of a maintenance issue, the use of the abstract model allows thescript developer to fix the abstracted layer instead of fixing thousandsof automated tests. Although useful, the abstract layers of theconventional systems are hard coded to the specific SAUT. Thus, when anychanges are made to the SAUT, the abstract models are rendered uselessin most cases. This results in higher development costs due to theconstant maintenance required to keep the models in sync with the SAUT.As such, the inventor of the present invention has recognized the needfor a new and improved method of automated testing which addresses theseshortcomings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, various embodiments of the present inventionbeneficially provide systems, program products, methods, and computerreadable media which facilitate software testing and validation. Variousembodiments of systems, program products, methods, and computer readablemedia of the present invention can also advantageously allow users ofsuch to utilize abstract models of a software application under test(i.e., SAUT) to test and validate various regions of the SAUT regardlessof the dynamic nature of the SAUT.

More particularly, an embodiment of the present invention provides amethod, system, and computer readable medium for software testing andvalidation including the computer implemented/assisted steps of:identifying a SAUT; generating from the SAUT, an abstract model of atleast one region of the SAUT including data that facilitates adaptationof a test script to the SAUT when changes are made to the SAUT; testingat least one object in the at least one region of the SAUT with the testscript utilizing the abstract model to conduct the testing; altering theSAUT by relocating the at least one region of the SAUT and/or redefiningthe at least one region of the SAUT; and re-executing the test script totest at least one object in the at least one region by navigating theabstract model, performed without regeneration of the abstract model.

An embodiment of the present invention provides an abstracted set ofhierarchal or linear objects that model certain regions of a softwareapplication under test, such as, for example, a markup language (i.e., aweb application running in a browser or an XML defined applicationrunning in a custom host). Automated test scripts can utilize theseabstracted regions to help intuitively navigate and identify segments ofthe SAUT for both action invocation and verification of outputs and datastructures.

The abstracted regions can be defined and scoped with the SAUT usingcustomizable tags. Each tag defined within the SAUT is independentlydiscoverable using its global unique identifier. Users can define nestedobjects depending on the need and the design of the SAUT and the levelof abstract layering the user's desires to achieve. The system's parserautomatically builds the abstracted model directly from the SAUT and thetest scripts can immediately access them. The abstraction layer isimplied directly from the SAUT itself without the need and additionalcost of building peripheral abstraction layers in the external testautomation framework being used.

In addition to using the abstracted model to help navigate the SAUT, theautomated test scripts can also access specific SAUT elements containedwithin each region. These elements can then be used to invoke actions onor verily the outputs that persist in the SAUT. The system, also uses aset of rich identification rules embodied in the system, that allow theuser to configure the identification of any element within the abstractregion. The rules also allow the user to configure the desired level ofloose coupling of the automated test script to the target element beingautomated based upon the complexity and design of the SAUT.Additionally, the location of these elements can be identified using apredefined attribute set of the elements which the system automaticallydetects and identifies. Various embodiments of the present inventionwill prove essential when re-architecture of the software application isnecessary because it provides the maximum level of ease and the lowestcost for migrating the old automated tests to run against the newlyarchitected software application. In addition, various embodiments ofthe present invention provides ease of automation and abstraction formaintenance.

A wide variety of applications and custom tools can be built to leveragevarious embodiments of the present invention to incorporate in theapplication life cycle process. For example, development teams canchoose to build an early warning system to help predict and identifychanges in the SAUT that will affect automated test scripts. Using oneor more embodiments of the present invention, such a system can be builtwithout the need to ran all the automated test scripts and analyse theirfailures (as is done in today's software development cycles). Instead,one could simply validate the abstracted model structure inferred fromthe altered SAUT against the last known good version they have stored.

By providing the before mentioned system, method, and computer readablemedium, various embodiments of the present invention provide forsoftware testing and validation having increased flexibility and loosecoupling between the automated test script and the target element orregion being accessed, thereby adapting the script to the dynamic natureof the SAUT.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the features and advantages of theinvention, as well as others which will become apparent, may beunderstood in more detail, a more particular description of theinvention briefly summarized above may be had by reference to theembodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings,which form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however,that the drawings illustrate only various embodiments of the inventionand are therefore not to be considered limiting of the invention's scopeas it may include other effective embodiments as well.

FIG. 1 illustrates a high level flow chart according to an embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary mark up language according to anembodiment of the present invention; and

FIGS. 3-9 illustrate various embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings in which embodiments of theinvention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in manydifferent forms and should not be construed as limited to theillustrated embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments areprovided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and willfully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary embodiment of a high level flow chartof the present invention is illustrated. As shown, the exemplaryembodiment of the present invention will first identity a softwareapplication to be tested, or a software application under test (i.e.,SAUT) at step 100. The SAUT can be any form of software conceivably usedwithin the scope of this invention, including markup languages. Onceidentified, the system will then generate an abstract model based uponthe SAUT at step 102. This model can include all or a portion of theSAUT, which ever is desired. Also, as will be discussed later, theabstract model will include data which allows the test script to adaptto the nature of the SAUT. Once the model has been generated, the systemwill proceed with testing the SAUT with a test script using the abstractmodel at step 104.

In regard to FIGS. 1-9, a method of defining an abstracted model of amarkup application will now be described. For example, a particular SAUT20 is an application persisted using a markup language and is shown inFIG. 2. The markup language is then interpreted using hosts that presentusers with data and user interface elements in which users can interactwith. Examples of common markup languages are HTML, XML, XHTML, CHTML,XAML, etc. There are slight differences between some of these markuplanguages in terms of rules of persistence, however, all share thecommon characteristics of being able to present a hierarchy structure todefine the application they are describing or data they are persisting.Although other software languages may be envisioned within the scope ofthis invention, only markup languages will be discussed throughout thesubsequent disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 3, generating an abstract model (step 102 of FIG. 1)to use in the automated testing according to an embodiment of thepresent invention can be done using tags 22 to outline the desiredabstract model. Tags 22 can be predefined and inserted within SAUThierarchy to define a specific abstract region 24 or element 26. Forexample, FIG. 3 illustrates FIG. 2 along with three defined abstractregions 24 that describe the overall abstracted model 28.

Referring to FIG. 3, the predefined tag “<testregion . . . >” isinserted in three locations of SAUT 20. It is first inserted to outlinethe region between line 2 and line 23. This region is identified as“MyApplication” using an ‘id’ attribute. Two other nested abstractregions 24 are defined. The first starting at line 13 to line 17 and isidentified as region “Login,” while the other is inserted at line 18 to21 and is identified as region “DataDisplay.” Given that region “Login”and “DataDisplay” are children of “MyApplication” within the applicationhierarchy, they are also considered children regions of the“MyApplication” region within abstract model 28.

Each abstract region 24 contains a certain set of application elements26 that become child elements and part of their respective abstractregion 24. For example, region “Login” contains three applicationelements 26. The first element is a <label . . . > element at line 14,the second is an <input type=“text” . . . > element at line 15, and thethird is an >input type=“button” . . . > element at line 16. Moreover,there are no restrictions to the level of nesting and depth of childelements within a region or of regions nested within other regions.

Tags 22 are configurable. Users can, for example, change the tag namefrom “testregion” to any other text. In addition to the tag name, userscan configure the tag itself. For users that don't want to introducetags into their SAUT test, they can use comment tags to define abstractregions 24. FIG. 4 shows the same application of FIG. 3, but, instead ofusing well formed tags like <testregion . . . >, the testing softwareutilizes a markup comment tag 30 of the form <!--testregion . . . -->.The tag name and format of tags 22, 30, are configured as part of thesystem that will parse the SAUT.

In addition to defining abstract model 28, the exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention allows for optional lagging of specific elementswithin each abstract region 24. This allows the tagged elements to beauto discoverable by the system and available for direct access by testscripts. This also enables a uniform tagging scheme for abstracting theapplication and tagging its specific elements, which is used by theautomated test scripts. In FIG. 3, three application elements 26 aretagged with a “testObject” attribute that signifies to the system thatthis element needs to be auto detected and readily available from withinits contained abstracted region 24. Any elements which are tagged, butdo not exist in the abstracted region, will be ignored by the system.For example, the “testObject” attribute value is the unique identifierof that element within its abstracted region. If the “testObject” valueis empty, the element is ignored and will not be auto detected by thesystem.

In FIGS. 3 and 5, three auto discoverable elements are defined. Thefirst is at line 15 within the “Login” region and is identified as“LoginName” by setting the testObject attribute value to “LoginName.”The second is at line 16 and is also within the “Login” region and isidentified as “LoginButton.” The third and last element is at line 20and is identified as “VerifyData.” By defining these elements, they willbe readily available and accessible using their identifier directly fromtheir parent abstracted region.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of the overall abstracted model 28and its associated auto discoverable elements 32 that can be accessed asdefined by FIG. 3. For application elements dial are not fixed andinaccessible, such as dynamically generated languages like ASP.NET, theelements can then be identified using identification rules which arepart of the system and are described later in this disclosure.

After abstracted model 28 and auto discoverable elements 32 are definedusing the above method, the system can utilize this data to provideautomated test scripts which run against SAUT 20 with an abstractionlayer without any additional cost of building dial layer. In addition,the test scripts using the abstracted model 28 will be tied to theabstraction regions regardless of where they are defined or locatedwithin the SAUT. This results in a test script having a loose dependencyon the SAUT, thus providing the test scripts with added resiliency whendealing with application updates and changes outside of abstractedregions 24.

The present invention implements toe method described above using acomponent called the “TreeBuilder” and two entities: a “TestRegion” anda “TestObject.” These components combined provide the automated testscripts with the access it needs to abstracted model 28 and autodiscoverable elements 32.

When the test scripts execute the application, it passes its output tothe “TreeBuilder.” The “TreeBuilder” contains a markup parser thatprocesses each markup element in the output of the test script. Eachtune “TreeBuilder” encounters a <testregion . . . > tag, it will build aTestRegion object representing its respective abstracted region and addit to a flat list of TestRegion collection. The TestRegion collection isdirectly accessible from the TreeBuilder using the region identifierwhich is set using the ID attributed on a testregion tag. The TestRegionobject stores information about:

-   -   1) The test region location within the application;    -   2) The parent region that this region is contained in (if any);    -   3) A collection of sub-regions that might be contained in that        region;    -   4) A reference to all elements contained in that region; and    -   5) A collection accessible directly by an identifier of all        elements that have been tagged with “testObject” to be auto        detected by the system. These elements are stored as        “TestObject” entities in a collection.

Referring to FIG. 6, an exemplary embodiment of a structure of theTestRegions and TestObjects built by the TreeBuilder when processing themarkup output modeled in FIG. 3, is provided. Note, each TestRegionreflects each abstract region 24 of FIG. 3. FIG. 6 also shows theinternal collection of TestObjects built directly within eachTestRegion. Also note, each TestObject reflects each auto discoverableelement 32.

Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, test script 34 can then navigate abstractedmodel 28 by either (a) directly accessing the TestRegion collectionusing its identifier, which will locate the TestRegion 24 regardless ofits location within abstracted model 28, or (b) given that eachTestRegion entity contains a method to navigate abstracted model 28 upor down the hierarchy, the test script 34 can choose to navigate themodel 28 using the model's hierarchy (i.e., hierarchy access). Users cando this to ensure a certain model's integrity is present in the SAUT.For example, in FIG. 6, test script 34 can access the abstracted region24 named “Login” by either directly asking for “Login” from theTreeBuilder or first asking for “MyApplication” and then asking the“MyApplication” TestRegion object for its sub-region identified as“Login.” The latter method allows for ensuring the integrity ofabstracted model 28 where the “Login” region is contained inside“MyApplication.” Note that accessing regions 24 using the latterapproach will result in the test script having a lighter bond to thestructure of abstracted model 28.

Once test script 34 has access to its desired portion or the SAUTrepresented as an abstracted TestRegion entity, test script 34 will needto access a specific element 26, 32, contained within that region 24 inorder to invoke actions on or to verify its output.

Test script 34 can use the system's Identification Engine to access theelements within the various TestRegions. The identification enginereturns an element to automated test script 34 as a TestObject entity. ATestObject entity can represent any element in the SAUT 20. If theelement is auto detected, the TestObject's auto detected property willbe set to true; otherwise, the TestObject auto detected property will beset to false. A TestObject entity contains the following essentialinformation regarding an element:

-   -   (a) The parent TestRegion object that it is contained in (if        any); and    -   (b) A reference to the element that this TestObject represents.        The reference is represented as either (1) an absolute index of        this element within the entire SAUT element's list, or, (2) the        tag name index of this element.

These properties provide the essential information that test script 34can use to access the elements directly from the host that is currentlyrunning the application (e.g., Internet Explorer™, XMLDocument™, etc.).Almost all markup application hosts provide a standard access method toelements using the above information. The system uses this informationas the standard set of information to return to test script 34 so it canidentify the element and invoke actions on or verify output for theseelements.

Accessing elements from a TestRegion object using the “identificationengine” can be performed in two ways:

-   -   1. Directly if the element is set for auto detection using the        “testObject” property. For example test script 34 can access the        <label . . . > element shown in FIG. 3 on line 20 by first        accessing the TestRegion that this element is contained in        (which is: DataDisplay) and then using the TestObject collection        that this region contains, test script 34 can access the ‘<label        id=“myLabel” . . . >’ test object using its auto detect        identifier which is “VerifyData”. FIG. 7 shows the internal        collections built for SAUT 20 defined in FIG. 3. Test scripts 34        can first access the “DataDisplay” test region, then access its        TestObject collection which contains the “VerifyData”        TestObject; and    -   2. If the element is not set for auto detection, test script 34        can use one of the four identification roles that the        identification engine supports. The identification rules provide        the test scripts with a rich and a flexible identification        mechanism to choose from. The rules are customizable to fit the        nature and the characteristics of the SAUT. Test script 34 can        also mix these rules to identify any element in a chained        identification scheme that is described later in this document.

For each role the Identification Engine requires two pre-requisites:

-   -   1. A reference to an element in the tree to use as a starting        point for the search. This reference can be passed to the        identification engine as either a TestRegion entity where the        search should start or an explicit element represented as a        TestObject. When a TestRegion is passed, the identification        engine extracts the exact element that this TestRegion starts at        and uses it as a starting point; and    -   2. The target tag name for the element mat you desire to find.        This is used as a validation to the success of the search at the        end before returning the found element. This is optional. Once        these two pre-requisites are met, the rule will return the first        element it encounters which matches the identification        requirements.

The first identification rule provided by the system is the HierarchyIdentification Rule: This rule searches foe an element using a hierarchypath specified as a string with “/” delimited list of integers. Each “/”represents one depth in the hierarchy and the integer identifies thezero indexed child element within that hierarchy level.

FIG. 8 shows an example of how the identification rule can be used toidentify a specific element. In this example, the script identities thelink element <a . . . > on line 34. (The element refers to the date“September 30” on a calendar that the script needs to click). The scriptpasses the hierarchy identification rule with string “0/2/6/0” and astarting point as TestRegion: “myCalendar”. The script also passes thetag name of the target element which is “a”.

The identification rule embodied in the system starts by splitting thestring into a list of four integers “0”, “2”, “6” and “0”. The rule thenstarts with the left most integer in the list which is “0” and starts byidentifying the “0” indexed child element under the starting elementTestRegion: “myCalendar”. The “0” indexed element is <table . . . > atline 2. Once the element, is identified, the rule processes the nextinteger in the list which is “2”. The rule identifies the element atindex “2” under the <table . . . > element, which is the <tr> element online 27. The rule now processes the integer “6”, which is the element<td . . . > at line 34. The rule then processes the last integer whichis “0” and refers to the zero indexed child element of <td . . . > whichis the <a . . . > element. Once the rule has reached the last integer,it will verify the tag name with the one passed to it which, in thisexample, will match and the rule will return a reference to this element(using the information described earlier) to the test script so it canaccess it.

This identification rule is very useful when a markup hierarchy (withina region) is fixed but the element types in that hierarchy, includingtheir attributes and ids, are dynamic or consistently changing withinthe application and users want to shield their test scripts from theseapplication changes.

The second identification rule provided by the present invention is theAttribute Identification Rule. This rule searches for an element using acertain combination of attributes that are set on each element. The rulecan search 1−n attribute combinations. Each combination can be an exactproperty name/value pairs or property name/partial value pairs.

For example, in FIG. 8, the test scripts can identify the <a . . . >element on line 34, by simply passing in any of the following attributecombinations, in addition to the starting point which is the TestRegion:“myCalendar” and the target, tag name which is “a”. The following is anexample.

-   -   Example 1: Exact property name/value pair    -   title=“September 30”

In this example, the rule will check every element contained within thestarting point and check each element's attribute list against the onepassed in. In FIG. 8, only element <a . . . > on line 34 matches thecombination above since it is the only element contained in “myCalendar”that has a property named “title” with a value of “September 30”.

Another example is provided below:

-   -   Example 2: property name/partial value pair    -   bref=‘2464’

In this example, the rule will use the same logic as in Example 1 butinstead or checking the exact value of the attribute, it will check forthe partial value. Again in FIG. 8, the only element that will match theabove pair, is the <a . . . > element on line 34 since it's the onlyelement that has a “href” property with a value that contains thepartial string “‘2464’”.

The Attribute Identification Rule supports n number of attribute pairs.If more than one pair is present then all combinations need to match theelement's attributes for u to be considered found. For example, if youuse the following pairs:

-   -   Exact (title=“September 30”)    -   Partial (href=‘2464’)

The element on line 34 will be found. If you change the first pair to betitle=“foo”, the element will not be found even though the partial pair(href=‘2464’) matches. As mentioned above, both pairs need to match forthe element to be found.

The third identification rule provided by the present invention is theTag Index Identification Rule. This is the basic rule that searches aspecific tag based on its tag name occurrence. This rule is similar tothe standard identification implemented in the core javascript engineand Microsoft HTML Document Object Model. The difference is that thisrule takes in, as discussed earlier, a starting point. So the occurrencedoesn't always have to be calculated from the root of the markupapplication, it can start at any element that is passed in as thestarting point.

For example, in FIG. 8, we can identify the <a . . . > element on line34 by simply using this rule and passing in an index of “8” since the <a. . . > element on line 34 is the 9^(th) <a . . . > element that occursstarting at TestRegion: “myCalendar” and, hence, has an index of 8. FIG.9 shows the indices of all the <a . . . > elements contained in FIG. 8.The rule embodied in the system will search each element and every timeit encounters an <a . . . > element, it will increment an internalcounter. Once the counter matches the indexed passed in the rule, theelement will be returned to the test script that requested it.

The fourth identification rule provided by the present invention is theRegular Expression Identification Rule. This rule searches for tagsusing a regular expression passed to the identification engine as astring. If an element matches the regular expression passed in, it isreturned as the found element. You have the option to match the elementwith (a) all its contents or (b) simply the element starting tag.

For example, in FIG. 8, you can simply identify the <a . . . > elementon line 34 by using this rule with the following regular expression:“<a*>30</a>” with the option of matching the element will all itscontent. Where, in another example, you can identify the <a . . . >element on line 34 by using this rate with the following regularexpression: “<a*‘2464’*>” with the option of matching only elementstarting tag. The rule tests each element contained within theTestRegion: “myCalendar” against the regular expression passed in andgiven the options set. Once a match is found, the element is returned tothe test script as the found element.

In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the rulesabove can be mixed and matched to offer an even more powerful andflexible identification scheme called, an identification chain. Thesystem supports identifying an element using multiple configured rulesfrom the set described above. Each rule can be used to identify asegment of the path to the targeted element. For example, in FIG. 8 wecan use a chained set of rules to identify the <a . . . > element online 34. For example, we will use a Hierarchy Rule to first identify the<tr> element on line 27, then use an Attribute Rule to identify the <a .. . > element on line 34. The Hierarchy Rule will have a hierarchystring: “0/2” and a starting point TestRegion: “myCalendar” and a targetelement tag name “tr”. The Attribute Rule will have an exact attributecombination of {title=“September 30”} with a starting point as the <tr>element identified by the previous Hierarchy Rule in the identificationchain and the target element tag name of “a”. The identification systemsupports passing in 1−n chained rules and will automatically use thefound element from previous rule as the starling point element of thenext rule until all rules are executed.

It is important to note that while embodiments of the present inventionhave been described in the context of a fully functional system andmethod embodying the invention, those skilled in the art will appreciatemat the mechanism of the present invention and/or aspects thereof arecapable of being distributed in the form of a computer readable mediumstoring a set of instructions in a variety of forms for execution on aprocessor, processors, or the like, and that various embodiments of thepresent invention apply equally regardless of the particular type ofmedia used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of suchcomputer readable media can, but need not, include but are not limitedto: nonvolatile, hard-coded type media such as read only memories(ROMs), CD-ROMs, and DVD-ROMs, or erasable, electrically programmableread only memories (EEPROMs), recordable type media such as floppydisks, hard disk drives, CD-R/RWs, DVD-RAMs, DVD-R/RWs, DVD+R/RWs, flashdrives, and other newer types of memories, and transmission type mediasuch as digital and analog communication links capable of storinginstructions. For example, such media can include both operatinginstructions and/or instructions related 10 the system and the methodsteps described above.

While this invention has been shown in only one of its forms, it shouldbe apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited but issusceptible to various changes without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention. In the drawings and specification, there havebeen disclosed illustrative embodiments of the invention and, althoughspecific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptivesense only and not for the purpose of limitation, the scope of theinvention being set forth in the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: generating, from a softwareapplication under test (SAUT), an abstract model of at least one regionof the SAUT, the abstract model including data that facilitatesadaptation of a test script to the SAUT when a change is made to theSAUT; receiving a change to the SAUT; and re-executing the test scriptto test at least one object in at least one region of the SAUT, afterthe change, by navigating the abstract model, the re-execution of thetest script performed without regeneration of the abstract model.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the data that facilitates adaptation of thetest script further comprises at least one tag inserted within the SAUT,and wherein the at least one tag is nested within other tags, therebycreating a hierarchy within the abstract model.
 3. The method of claim2, wherein the at least one tag includes a unique identifier whichidentifies the at least one region of the SAUT used to generate theabstract model.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one tagincludes a unique identifier which identifies at least one element ofthe at least one region of the SAUT used to generate the abstract model.5. The method of claim 2, wherein the test script utilizes the abstractmodel to conduct testing of at least one object in the at least oneregion of the SAUT with the test script through use of an identificationrule used to locate certain elements within the SAUT, the test scriptutilizing the abstract model to conduct the testing.
 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the identification rule further comprises a referenceparameter within the SAUT used as a starting point for theidentification rule.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein theidentification rule identifies one or more of: an element based on thehierarchy within the abstract model; an element based on a combinationof attributes set on the element; an element based on a tag of theelement; and an element based on a regular expression.
 8. The method ofclaim 5, wherein a plurality of identification rules are combined toidentify an element within the SAUT.
 9. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: testing at least one object in the at least one region ofthe SAUT with the test script, e test script utilizing the abstractmodel to conduct the testing.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein thechange includes one or more of relocating the at least one region of theSAUT and redefining the at least one region of the SAUT.
 11. A systemcomprising: a computer component associated with a software testing andvalidation program product, the software testing and validation programproduct including instructions that, when executed by the computercomponent, causes the computer component to perform operationsincluding: generating, from a software application under test (SAUT), anabstract model of at least one region of the SAUT, the abstract modelincluding data that facilitates adaptation f a test script to the SAUTwhen a change is made to the SAUT, receiving a change to the SAUT; andre-executing the test script to test at least one object in at least oneregion of the SAUT, after the change, by navigating the abstract model,the re-execution of the test script performed without regeneration ofthe abstract model.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the data thatfacilities adaptation test script further comprises at least one tagwithin the SAUT, wherein the at least one tag is nested within othertags, thereby creating a hierarchy within the abstract model.
 13. Thesystem of claim 12, wherein the at least one tag includes a uniqueidentifier which identifies the at least one region of the SAUT used togenerate the abstract model.
 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the atleast one tag includes a unique identifier which identifies at least oneelement of the at least one region of the SAUT used to generate theabstract model.
 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the software testingand validation program product further includes instructions that, whenexecuted by the computer component, causes the computer component toperform operations including: instructing the test script to utilize theabstract model to conduct testing of at least one object in the at leastone region of the SAUT with the test script through use of anidentification rule used to locate certain elements within the SAUT, thetest script utilizing the abstract model to conduct the testing.
 16. Thesystem of claim 15, wherein the identification rule further comprises areference parameter within the SAUT used as a starting point for theidentification rule.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein theidentification rule identifies one or more of: an element based on thehierarchy within the abstract model; an element based on combination ofattributes set on the element; an element based on a tag of the element;and an element based on a regular expression.
 18. The system of claim15, wherein a plurality of identification rules are combined to identifyan element within the SAUT.
 19. The system of claim 11, wherein thesoftware testing and validation program product further includesinstructions that, when executed by the computer component, causes thecomputer component to perform operations including: testing at least oneobject in the at least one region of the SAUT with the test script, thetest script utilizing the abstract model to conduct the testing.
 20. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the change includes one or more ofrelocating the at least one region of the SAUT and redefining the atleast one region of the SAUT.